🫀 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS Infective endocarditis refers to inflammation of the endocardium, the innermost layer of the heart that lines the chambers and valves, caused by an infection. 🦠 Bacteria enter the bloodstream, attach to heart valves, causing: * Growths, called vegetations, consisting of platelets, bacteria, immune cells, and fibrin * These can damage heart tissue, impair pumping ability, and decrease cardiac output * Vegetations can break off, becoming emboli, which can lead to stroke or pulmonary embolism 🔸 Symptoms: * Osler's nodes: Painful lesions on hands and feet * Janeway lesions: Non-tender lesions on palms and feet * Splinter hemorrhages: Thin, dark streaks under nails * Roth spots: Tiny hemorrhages in the retina * Other symptoms: Fever, chills, new or changed heart murmur, crackles, dyspnea, chest pain, splenomegaly, edema, ascites, and petechiae 💬 Comment below if you’d like a part 2! #nursingstudent #nursingschool #nursingstudents #nursingeducation #nursingstudentsoftiktok #nursetok #nursesoftiktok #nursingmajor #nursingtiktok #nclex

🫁 PNEUMOTHORAX A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the pleural space surrounding the lungs, causing lung collapse. ➡️ Open Pneumothorax: * Air enters from an outside opening * Commonly caused by penetrating wounds like gunshots or stabs * Referred to as a "sucking chest wound," making a hissing sound during inhalation ➡️ Closed Pneumothorax: * Air enters without an outside opening * Caused by rib fractures or spontaneous pneumo (rupture of small air sacs called blebs) ⭐️Types of Spontaneous Pneumo: * Primary: No history of lung disease * Secondary: History of lung disease ➡️ Tension Pneumothorax: * Both open and closed pneumos can lead to this medical emergency * Air can't escape, leading to pressure buildup in the thoracic cavity, compressing the lungs and heart ⚠️Symptoms: Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, hypoxia, and tracheal deviation ✅Treatment: Needle decompression to relieve the pressure 💬 Comment below if you’d like a part 2, and check out the full study sheet in the nursing school success bundle! #nursingstudent #nursingschool ##pneumothorax #respiratory #nursingstudentsoftiktok #nursingstudents #nursingmajor #nursetok #nursetiktok #nursingtiktok #nclex #nclexstudying

🧠 CRANIAL NERVES 🧠 Cranial nerves originate in the brain and are responsible for various functions in the head, neck, and other parts of the body. There are 12 cranial nerves, and each is categorized as sensory, motor, or both. ⭐️ Memory Trick:
“On occasion our trusty truck acts funny very good vehicle any how” for the nerves.
“Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter most” for their functions! 🩷 CN I: Olfactory * Controls sense of smell * Sensory
→ Think you have ONE nose! 🩷 CN II: Optic * Controls vision ability * Sensory
→ Think you have TWO eyes! 💙 CN III: Oculomotor * Upward eye movement + pupillary reflex * Motor 💙 CN IV: Trochlear * Downward and medial eye movements * Motor 🔸 CN V: Trigeminal * Facial sensation + chewing * Both 💙 CN VI: Abducens * Lateral eye movement * Motor
→ Think abduSIDES for sideways eye movement! 💜 CN VII: Facial * Facial movements + taste * Both 🩷 CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear * Controls hearing and balance * Sensory 💜 CN IX: Glossopharyngeal * Throat sensation, swallowing, salivation * Both 💜 CN X: Vagus * Digestion, swallowing, heart rate, and respiration * Both 💙 CN XI: Accessory * Shoulder and neck movement * Motor 💙 CN XII: Hypoglossal * Tongue movement * Motor 💬 Comment below with the memory trick YOU used in nursing school! #nursingschool #nursingstudent #cranialnerves #neuro #medsurg #nclex #nclexrn #nursingmajor #nursingstudentsoftiktok #nursingstudents #nursesoftiktok

💧 DIURETICS REVIEW Diuretics are medications that promote diuresis, aka urination, to remove extra fluid from the body. Important to Monitor:
➡️ Strict I&O – Assess fluid loss
➡️ Daily weights – Compare for changes
➡️ Blood pressure – Loss of fluid = ↓ BP
➡️ Electrolytes – Watch for imbalances ⭐️Types of Diuretics: 
1️⃣ Loop Diuretics: Potent, work on the loop of Henle
→ Lose Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl
→ Examples: FurosemIDE, TorsemIDE
→ Monitor potassium! 2️⃣ Thiazides: Less potent, commonly used for primary HTN
→ Promotes excretion of sodium and water = ↓ BP
→ Examples: ChlorothiaZIDE, HydrochlorothiaZIDE
→ Monitor electrolytes (can lead to HYPERcalcemia) 3️⃣ Potassium Sparing Diuretics: SPARE potassium
→ Monitor for HYPERkalemia
→ Example: Spironolactone
→ Avoid K-rich foods & salt substitutes (contain potassium chloride) 4️⃣ Osmotic Diuretics: Pull fluid from tissues to bloodstream
→ Commonly used in cerebral edema
→ Example: Mannitol
→ Monitor for fluid overload (crackles, JVD, edema) 💬 Comment below if you’d like to learn more! #nursingschool #nursingstudents #pharmacology #nclexreview #diuretic #nursingstudent #nursingtiktok #nursetok #nursesoftiktok #nursetiktok #nclex

Dosage Calculation Practice Question 💧 Let’s review a dosage calculation practice question including drop factor 💡 The doctor ordered D5W 1000 mL to be infused over 8 hours. The tubing you’re using has a drop factor of 10 gtt/mL. What should you set the gtt/min to? 🧠 Formula:
→ Volume (V) / Time (T) x Drop Factor Here’s how we break it down: * V = 1000 mL * T = 8 hours (convert to 480 minutes) * Drop factor = 10 gtt/mL 1️⃣ 1000 / 480 minutes
2️⃣ multiply by 10 gtt/mL
3️⃣ = 20.83 (rounds to 21 gtt/min) Answer: 21 gtt/min ✅ 💬 Comment below if you got the same answer! #nursingschool #nursingstudent #dosagecalculations #dosagecalc #nursingfundamentals #fundamentalsofnursing #studentnurse #studentnurselife #studentnursesoftiktok #nursingstudentsoftiktok #nursetok #nursingtiktok

🫀 FETAL HEART TONES Nursing Student Review When studying fetal heart tones, it’s crucial to know the normal and abnormal findings. Here’s a breakdown: 1️⃣ Variable Decelerations
→ Fetal HR varies in duration/timing
⚠️ Cause: Cord compression
 ⭐️ Intervention:
→ Reposition mother to left side (increases O2 to baby)
→ Give O2, stop oxytocin drip, contact PCP 2️⃣ Early Decelerations
→ Fetal HR mirrors mother’s contractions
⚠️ Cause: Head compression
✅ Normal! No intervention needed 3️⃣ Accelerations
→ Short-term increase in FHR > 15 seconds
⚠️ Cause: Fetal movement and well-being
✅ Normal! No intervention needed 4️⃣ Late Decelerations
→ FHR slows after contraction starts and recovers after
⚠️ Cause: Placental insufficiency
 ⭐️ Intervention:
→ Left side lying position, IV fluids, O2, stop oxytocin drip, contact PCP (may require emergent delivery) 💬 Comment below if you're learning this right now! #nursingschool #nursingstudents #motherbabynurse #maternity #nursingeducation #nursesoftiktok #nurse #nursetok #nurses #nursetiktok #nursingtiktok

💧 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) NCLEX Review BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, causing pressure on the bladder and urethra, which can lead to urinary blockage. Risk Factors: ➡️ Males over age 50 ➡️ Family history ➡️ Sedentary lifestyle ➡️ Hormonal imbalances (increased estrogen & DHT) Symptoms (due to partial urine blockage): → Weak urine stream → Urinary frequency & urgency → Incomplete bladder emptying → Post-void dribbling → Nocturia & dysuria → Frequent UTIs → Hematuria Diagnostics: → Digital rectal exam (to assess for prostate enlargement) → Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): >4 may indicate BPH (but also elevated in prostate cancer, so further testing needed) 💬 Comment below for part 2! #nursingschool #nursingstudent #bph #medsurg #nurse #nursesoftiktok #nursetok #nurselife #nursetiktok #nursingeducation

BOWEL OBSTRUCTION Review for Nursing Students A bowel obstruction is a blockage in the bowel that prevents effective absorption and elimination. It can be:
➡️ Partial – Narrowed GI tract where some contents still pass
➡️ Complete – Full blockage, nothing can pass (medical emergency) 🚨 Complete Blockage:
→ Leads to decreased blood flow to the bowel
→ Can cause tissue death and perforation Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) Symptoms:
→ Colicky abdominal pain
→ Nausea & vomiting
→ Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
→ Metabolic alkalosis (due to vomiting) Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO) Symptoms:
→ Lower abdominal cramping
→ Abdominal distention
→ Constipation
→ Vomiting fecal matter (late sign) 💬 Comment below for part 2! #nursingschool #nursingstudent #gastrointestinal #medsurg #nurse #nursingeducation #nurses #nursetiktok #nclexrn #nclex #bowelobstruction #studentnurse

🦴 TYPES OF FRACTURES A fracture is a break or disruption in the structure of the bone. It's important to know the various types as a nursing student! 🦴 Fracture Classifications → Closed: Bone is broken, but the skin is intact → Open: Bone punctures through the skin, increasing the risk for osteomyelitis (infection of the bone) 🦴Types of Fractures: 1️⃣ Greenstick: One side of the bone bends while the other side cracks 2️⃣ Comminuted: Bone is shattered into multiple small fragments 3️⃣ Spiral: Fracture wraps around the bone 4️⃣ Transverse: Break is straight across the bone 5️⃣ Impacted: Pieces of bone drive into each other 6️⃣ Oblique: Diagonal break across the bone 💬 Comment below if you found this helpful! #nursingschool #nursingstudents #nursingstudent #nursingstudentsoftiktok #nursesoftiktok #nurse #nursetok #nursetiktok #nclex #nclexrn #nclexstudying #medsurg #medsurgnurse #fracture

⚡ CARDIOVERSION VS. DEFIBRILLATION Cardioversion and defibrillation are both forms of electrical shocks used to treat arrhythmias, but it's important to know their differences and uses: ⚡ Cardioversion: Planned and SYNCED shock delivered on the R wave
 ⚠️ Delivered on R wave to prevent R on T phenomenon, which could cause vfib or lead to cardiac arrest
 Used for:
→ SVT
→ Afib
→ Stable Vtach with a pulse
 →Joules: 50-200
→Consent required before the procedure ⚡ Defibrillation: UNsynchronized shock given in an emergent situation
 Used for:
→ Pulseless Vtach
→ Vfib
 🧠Remember: You DEFIB VFIB
 → Joules: 200-360 (Follow manufacturer recommendations or provider's order) 💬 Comment below if you’d like to learn more! #nursingschool #nursingstudent #defibrillator #nursingeducation #nclexrn #nclex #futurenurse #nursesoftiktok #nursetok #nursingmajor #cardiac #cardioversion